2016-06-22 | 小编:长安 | 0 |
雅思写作对于很多人来说是一大难题,期间曾有同学问过“老师,地图题该怎么破?”本次我们就来讨论一下雅思考试中地图题的写作。
首先,知己知彼百战不殆。写作前我们要对地图题有个基本了解。按照描写顺序不同,地图题分为地理变迁图和地理选址图,而其中最主流的类型就是地理变迁图。
地理变迁图,如名字所言,就是研究同一个地点在不同时间阶段里面的变化。
不同时间的变化?大家有没有觉得很耳熟?
没错,地图题也可以理解为是一种动态图:随着时间顺序来描写变化。这样的话,审题过程其实就与动态图是一致的。接下来我们用动态图的三要素来分析一下地图题。
1.时态+语态
由于地图是描述变化,即这些变化大多数是过去发生的,那么时态就应该是一般过去时和现在完成时。当然在极少数情况下(途中出现虚线表示预测)我们会用到一般现在时表预测。而由于大多数这些变化的动作发出者都是未知的,所以用被动语态就成立刻王道了。转换成具体例子,就得到了这样的句子:
①This place was used as a reading room.
②The woods and farmlands have been removed and replaced by schools.
③A wetland for wild birds is planned to be built in the next two years.
注意:预测性表达包括以下三种方式
A.动词被动形式
Be likely to=be planned to =be anticipated to =be projected to =be predicted to= be forecasted to…
B.名词性从句
It is likely that=It is estimated that= It is anticipated that =It is projected that…
C.动词ing形式充当定语修饰名词
The projecting figure= The expecting number…
2.基本句型
其实上一个例子中我们已经或多或少看到了写作句型,那么究竟有多少基本句型是我们在考试前需要掌握的呢??总共有两种:空间顺序和变化表达
①空间顺序
空间顺序其实就是方位信息,在地图题中就是"点"与"线"的关系
以下句举例:
The residential area was located in / situated at the north of the village.
注意其中高光的信息,绿色表达的是位置,而红色的介词则是具体的方位体现,而方位则是用东南西北来表达。总结一下,也就是在描写"点"的时候将目标对象的具体位置用正确的介词表示东南西北。那么只要积累这部分单词和词组即可。
注意:介词in表示在区域内部,at表示内部接壤,而to则表示在外部且二者不接壤。
接下来我们看"线"。
所谓的"线"其实就是道路这样的存在,而道路一般就是连接,相交与平行。
例句如下:
This residential area was connected to the schools by a newly built road.
A road was built to link the residential area to the schools.
A road was built,paralleling with the east-bound railway.
A road was built,forming an intersection with the east-bound railway.
A is adjacent to/ near /next to/ just off the road
A is on the opposite side of B
A is opposite to B.
②变化表达
地图中的变化其实不外乎是建筑物的有无,大小和弯直
A.从无到有
A newly-built road
A new car park was built/established/set up/constructed/completed
A new theater has been added to the library
The size of the library has been enlarged/extended/broadened/expanded/halved/reduced /diminished (by half)
B.从有到无
The farms completely disappeared/were removed.
A becomes B
A is transformed/reconstructed/redeveloped/converted/changed/turned over to/ into B
A is replaced /substituted by B = A gives way to B
C.大VS小,弯VS直
The number of homes has increased/risen/grown/reduced /decreased/dropped/fallen/doubled/ tripled/ quadrupled to 500.
The railway has been straightened since then.
3.逻辑连接
在地图题中所谓的逻辑连接也就是动态图中逻辑连接,也就是时间变化。 包括时间点,时间段;转化成写作内容其实就是介词的转换以及顺序表达。
如:In 1988
From 1980 to 1997
By 1988
Until 1988
To begin with, another, also,
When, before/ after, then, and then, followed by, next
光讲理论可能大家觉得太抽象,那么我们就来实践一下地图题的写作。
下图是一个名为Chorleywood的城镇的变化。
拿到图,第一步就是仔细将图全方面"研究"一下,将图中的图标信息代入,全面理解,区分"点"与"线"。为了方便阅读,我们用不同颜色圈出内容,就得到了下图。
通过研究这张图,我们很容易就发现总共有四个时间段,因此重点就是跟着这四个时间段进行描写。
首段是对整张图的描述,要包括:什么图+表明内容+地点+时间,即
The map shows the changes and development of Chorleywood village in Britain over the past 126 years from 1868 to 1994.
接下来就是主体段的描写,在描写时先交代时间范围加上图中内容。从图中的时间截点不难看出,在最初的15年间,这个村庄只有一小块居住地;那么句型就是时间+有一小块居住地,可以写成
There were only one small living area and two crossing main roads during the first 15 years from 1868 to 1003.
这样写是不是很简单呢?接下来写第二句的时候其实就是下一个时间段了,也就是在1883到1922之间,在原始村庄的南边有了一个更大的村庄,基本是原来村庄的三倍。由于前句已经用过there be句型了,那么这里就可以用被动语态表明村庄被建了。
综合我们之前说的,就是
From 1883 to 1922, a new village, which was almost three time as large as the original one, has been built to the southern part of the village.
当然也可以写成:
From 1883 to 1992, it can be seen that the village expanded to the south, almost tripled the original area.
写完别忘记这段时间还有一个变化:新建了一条火车轨道。轨道属于"线"部分,因此除了交代位置,关系也是重点。于是就有了以下的句子:
Besides, a railway line, which was paralleling to the eastbound main road, was built across this new area and there emerged/appeared the Chorleywood station, which was located in the central part of the village.
紧接着就是下一段时间单位,1922年到1970年,沿着火车轨道的南部形成了两片大的居民区。
During 1922-1970, the village once again extended both eastward and westward and almost doubled the previous size.
而从1970年开始,村庄又有了比较明显的变化:一条高速公路(motorway)被建好了,而村子也继续扩大了。
However, 1970 witnessed the most dramatic changes of this village. A newly constructed north-south motorway was established in 1970, along which some new areas mushroomed. This new expansion was almost twice the scale of the old village.
最后,在结尾段,大多数地图题只要表明图中的乡村或者城市变大了或者变得更加现代化了就可以了。
Overall, the fast expansion of this village can be seen clearly in this map.
如此看下来,地图题是不是更简单了?不过环球教育老师提醒学员要记得的是在写作过程中要记得单词和句子的变化,不要一直写同一种句子,句子的多样性和信息点的明确才是帮助大家写好雅思小作文的关键。
环球教育(原环球教育)苏州学校 朱丁琦